Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Efeitos de Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HN019 vivo e inativado na periodontite experimental em ratos / Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis HN019 live and inactivated in experimental periodontitis in rats

A periodontite é uma doença crônica e complexa, abrangendo mais de uma forma de tratamento combinados. Os probióticos têm ganhado espaço em casos de terapias adjuvantes e mostrado resultados promissores quando utilizados em casos de periodontite. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a ação do probiótico Bifidobacterium lactis vivo e inativado na periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratos. Foram utilizados 32 ratos machos, nos seguintes grupos: GC/controle animais sem periodontite que receberam apenas caldo Man Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS); GP/periodontite experimental e caldo MRS; GP/PROB periodontite experimental + probiótico vivo e o grupo GP/POSB periodontite experimental + posbiótico. Após 45 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados. As hemimandíbulas foram analisadas por microtomografia computadorizada e histomorfometria de perda óssea alveolar. O intestino delgado foi analisado por histomorfometria de altura de vilos e profundidade de criptas intestinais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística apropriada, ao nível de 5%. Os parâmetros de volume ósseo (BV/TV), número de trabéculas (Tb.N), separação das trabéculas (Tb.Sp) e porosidade total (PO total) foram diferentes entre o GC e os demais grupos, GP, GP/POSB e GP/PROB. O GC apresentou maiores valores para BV/TV. Para PO total e Tb.Sp o GC apresentou menores valores. No parâmetro de Tb.n o GP.PROB apresentou maiores valores. Para espessura trabecular (Tb.Th) houve diferença estatística entre o GC e GP e entre GC e GP/PROB, sendo que GC apresentou valores maiores em ambos os casos. Para a perda óssea da furca houve diferença estatística entre o GC e os demais grupos, sendo que GC apresentou menores valores de perda óssea. Em relação ao intestino delgado, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos. Concluímos que tanto o probiótico vivo como o inativado não foram capazes de atuar na inibição da perda óssea na área de furca bem como não foram capazes de agir como modulador da resposta inflamatória no intestino (AU)

Periodontitis is a chronic and complex disease, encompassing more than one form of combined treatment. Probiotics have gained space in cases of adjuvant therapies and have shown promising results when used in cases of periodontitis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the action of the live and inactivated probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. 32 male rats were used in the following groups: CG/control animals without periodontitis that received only Man Rogosa-Sharpe broth (MRS); GP/experimental periodontitis and MRS broth; GP/PROB experimental periodontitis + live probiotic and GP/POSB experimental periodontitis + postbiotic group. After 45 days, the animals were euthanized. The hemimandibles were analyzed by computed microtomography and histomorphometry of alveolar bone loss. The small intestine was analyzed by histomorphometry of villus height and intestinal crypt depth. Data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis at the 5% level. The parameters of bone volume (BV/TV), number of trabeculae (Tb.N), trabeculae separation (Tb.Sp) and total porosity (total PO) were different between the CG and the other groups, GP, GP/POSB and GP/PROB. The CG showed higher values for BV/TV. For total PO and Tb.Sp, the CG showed lower values. In the Tb.n parameter, GP.PROB presented higher values. For trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) there was a statistical difference between GC and GP and between GC and GP/PROB, with GC showing higher values in both cases. For bone loss in the furcation, there was a statistical difference between the CG and the other groups, with the CG having lower values of bone loss. Regarding the small intestine, there was no statistical difference between the groups. We conclude that both the live and inactivated probiotics were not able to inhibit bone loss in the furcation area, nor were they able to act as a modulator of the inflammatory response in the intestine (AU).

Ecosistema intestinal en la infancia: rol de los "bióticos" / Gut ecosystem during infancy: The role of "biotics"

En los últimos años, las evidencias han demostrado la importancia de la microbiota intestinal en la salud del individuo. La dinámica de la colonización temprana y el establecimiento de una comunidad abundante y diversa de microorganismos saludables, a partir de un parto vaginal y lactancia materna, resultan fundamentales en la conformación de una matriz inmunológica saludable. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir las evidencias disponibles sobre el desarrollo de la microbiota en el primer año de vida y el actual potencial que ofrece el uso de prebióticos, probióticos, simbióticos y posbióticos durante esta etapa esencial de la vida

In recent years, the evidence has demonstrated the relevance of the gut microbiota in an individual's health. The dynamics of an early colonization and the establishment of a community of plenty, diverse, and healthy microorganisms from a vaginal delivery and breastfeeding are critical for the development of a healthy immune matrix. The objective of this review is to describe the available evidence on microbiota development in the first year of life and the current possibilities offered by prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, and postbiotics during such critical stage of life.